Publications

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• Hywel Williams’ relevant publications 2008 to end of 2012
  
  Original peer-reviewed papers:
  
  Flohr C, Weiland SK, Weinmayr G, Björkstén B, Bråbäck L, Brunekreef B, Büchele G, Clausen M, Cookson WOC, von Mutius E, Strachan DP, Williams HC and the ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. The role of atopic sensitization in flexural eczema: Findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two Journal Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:141-7.
  
  Williams H, Stewart A, von Mutius E, Cookson B, Anderson HR and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One and Three Study groups. Is eczema really on the increase worldwide? Journal Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:947-54.
  
  Bath-Hextall F, Delamere FM, Williams HC. Dietary exclusion for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 Jan 23 (1); CD 05203.
  
  Johal SS, Oliver P, Williams HC. Better decision making for evaluating new medical device projects: A real options approach J Med Market 2008;8:101-112.
  
  Townshend AP, Chen C-M, Williams HC How prominent are patient reported outcomes in clinical trials of dermatological treatments? Br J Dermatol; 2008; 159: 1152-9.
  
  Crawford F, Harris R, Williams HC. Are placebo-controlled trials of creams for athlete’s foot still justified? Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:773-9.
  
  Beasley R, Clayton T, Crane J, von Mutius E, Lai CK, Montefort S, Stewart A; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Association between paracetamol use in infancy and childhood, and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in children aged 6-7 years: analysis from Phase Three of the ISAAC programme. Lancet 2008;372:1039-48.
  
  Birnie AJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Ravenscroft JC, Williams HC. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD003871.
  
  Thomas KS, Sach TH; SWET Trial Investigators. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of ion-exchange water softeners for the treatment of eczema in children: protocol for the Softened Water Eczema Trial (SWET) (ISRCTN: 71423189). Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:561-6.
  
  Davidoff F, Batalden P, Stevens D, Ogrinc G, Mooney S; SQUIRE Development Group. Publication guidelines for improvement studies in health care: evolution of the SQUIRE Project. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:670-6.
  
  Langan SM, Williams HC. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of treatments for inherited forms of epidermolysis bullosa. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009; 34: 20-25.
  
  Flohr C, Weinmayr G, Weiland SK, Addo-Yobo E, Annesi-Maesano I, Björkstén B, Bråbäck L, Williams HC, and the ISAAC Phase Two Study Group How well do questionnaires perform compared to physical examination in detecting flexural eczema? Findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:846-53.
  
  Bath-Hextall F, Delamere FM, Williams HC. Dietary exclusions for improving established atopic eczema in adults and children: systematic review. Allergy 2009; 64: 258-264.
  
  Langan SM, Williams HC. The Use of Electronic Diaries in Dermatology Research. Dermatology. 2009; 218:344-6.
  
  Ellwood P, Williams H, Aït-Khaled N, Björkstén B, Robertson and the ISAAC Phase Three study group. Translation of questions: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) experience. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2009;13: 1174-82.
  
  Langan S, Silcocks P, Williams HC. What causes flares of eczema in children? Br. J Dermatol 2009; 161:640-6.
  
  Olivry T, Foster AP, Mueller RS, McEwan NA, Chesney C, Williams HC. Interventions for Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Vet Dermatol. 2010 Feb;21(1):4-22.
  
  Vlachou C, Williams H, Thomas K. A case report and critical appraisal of the literature on the use of DermaSilk® in children with atopic dermatitis Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:e901-3.
  
  Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Quinnell RJ, Lewis S, Minh TT, Campbell J, Simmons C, Telford G, Brown A, Hien TT, Farrar J, Williams H, Pritchard DI, Britton J. Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:131-42.
  
  Larraona-Puy Development of Raman micro-spectroscopy for automated detection and imaging of Basal Cell Carcinoma. M, Ghita A, Zoladek A, Perkins W, Varma S, Leach IH, Koloydenko AA, Williams H, Notingher I. J Biomed Opt. (2009) 14, 054031.
  
  Odhiambo J, Williams H, Clayton T, Robertson C, Asher MI, and the ISAAC Phase Three Study group. Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2009 124:1251-8.
  
  Langan S, Schmitt J, Coenraads P-J, Svensson, Å, von Elm E, Williams H on behalf of the European Dermato-Epidemiology Network (EDEN). The reporting of observational research studies in dermatology journals - A literature-based study. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146(5), 534-41.
  
  Naldi L, Svensson A, Zenoni D, Diepgen T, Elsner P, Grob JJ, Coenraads PJ, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Maccagni A, Linder D, Williams H; on behalf of the European Dermato-Epidemiology Network (EDEN). Comparators, study duration, outcome measures and sponsorship in therapeutic trials of psoriasis: update of the EDEN Psoriasis Survey 2001-2006. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:384-389.
  
  Schram M, Spuls P, Williams H. Is there a rural/urban gradient for atopic eczema? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162: 964-73.
  
  Chen CM, Sausenthaler S, Bischof W, Herbarth O, Borte M, Behrendt H, Krämer U, Williams HC, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J; the LISA Study Group. Perinatal exposure to endotoxin and the development of eczema during the first 6 years of life. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:238-244.
  
  Bath-Hextall FJ, Birnie AJ, Ravenscroft JC, Williams HC. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema: an updated systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 163: 12-26.
  
  Thomas KS; UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network's PATCH study group. Studying a disease with no home - lessons in trial recruitment from the PATCH II study. Trials 2010 Mar 2;11:22.
  
  Ozolins, M, Williams HC, Armstrong S, Bath-Hextall F. The SINS trial: A randomised controlled trial of excisional surgery versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Trials 2010; 11, 42.
  
  Schofield J, Grindlay D, Williams H. Skin Conditions in the UK: a Health Care Needs Assessment. Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham 2009, 1-158.
  
  Bauer A, Schmitt J, Bennett C, Coenraads PJ, Elsner P, English J, Williams HC. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;6:CD004414.
  
  Schmitt J, Langan S, Stamm T, Williams H on behalf of the harmonizing outcome measurements in eczema (HOME) Delphi panel. Core outcome domains for controlled trials and clinical recordkeeping in eczema: International multi-perspective Delphi consensus process. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:623-30.
  
  Strina A, Barreto ML, Cunha SS, de Fatima M, de Oliveira SP, Moreira SC, Williams HC, Rodrigues, LC, Validation of epidemiological tools for eczema diagnosis in Brazilian children: the ISAAC's and UK Working Party's criteria. BMC Dermatology 2010, 10:11.
  
  Ellwood P, Asher MI, Stewart AW; ISAAC Phase III Study Group. The impact of the method of consent on response rates in the ISAAC time trends study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:1059-65.
  
  Thomas K, Koller K, Dean T, O'Leary C, Sach T, Frost A, Pallett I, Crook A, Meredith S, Nunn A, Burrows N, Pollock I, Graham-Brown R, O'Toole E, Potter D, Williams H. A multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of ion-exchange water softeners for the treatment of eczema in children: the Softened Water Eczema Trial (SWET). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-156.
  
  Thomas KS, Dean T, O'Leary C, Sach TH, Koller K, Frost A, Williams HC. A Randomised Controlled Trial of Ion-Exchange Water Softeners for the Treatment of Eczema in Children. PLoS Med 2011;8(2): e1000395. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000395
  
  Nankervis H, Maplethorpe A, Williams HC. Mapping randomised controlled trials of treatments for eczema - The GREAT database. BMC Dermatology 2011, 11:10.
  
  Schofield JK, Fleming D, Grindlay D, Williams H. Skin conditions are the commonest new reason people present to general practitioners in England and Wales. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 165: 1044-50.
  
  Flohr C. Aikhaled N, Nagele G, Weinmayr G, Williams HC, Kleiner A, Strachan D. Lack of evidence for a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on childhood eczema: Lessons from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two Br J Dermatol 2011;165:1280-1289.
  
  Layfield C, Clarke T, Thomas K, Williams HC. Developing a network in a neglected area of clinical research the UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network. Clinical Investigation 2011; 1(7): 943-9.
  
  UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network’s PATCH Trial Team, Thomas K, Crook A, Foster K, Mason J, Chalmers J, Bourke J, Ferguson A, Level N, Nunn A, Williams H. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of cellulitis (erysipelas) of the leg: results of the UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network's PATCH II trial. Br J
  Dermatol. 2012;166:169-78.
  
  Foisy M, Boyle, RJ, Chalmers JR, Simpson EL, Williams HC. The prevention of eczema in infants and children: an overview of Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews. Ev-Based Child Health 6: 1322-1339 (2011)
  
  Williams HC, Bath-Hextall F, Dewar D, Kelly C, Lansbury L, Lear J, Newton-Bishop J, Schofield J.
  Improving outcomes for people with skin tumours including melanoma: Evidence Update October 2011.
  National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, October 2011 www.evidence.nhs.uk
  
  Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphries R, Williams HC. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012 Feb 15;2:CD005205.
  
  Simpson E, Chalmers J, Keck L, Williams HC. How should an incident case of atopic dermatitis be defined? A systematic review of primary prevention studies J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:137-44.)
  
  Tang TS, Bieber T, Williams HC. Does "autoreactivity" play a role in atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:1209-1215.
  
  Ewence A, Rumsby P, Rockett L, Davey W, Williams H, Danby S, Cork M. A Review of Skin Irritation and Tap Water Quality. Drinking Water Inspectorate, DEFRA, WRc Ref: DWI8375.01, March 2011
  
  Rowlands CJ, Varma S, Perkins W, Leach I, Williams H, Notingher I. Rapid acquisition of Raman spectral maps through minimal sampling: applications in tissue imaging. J Biophotonics. 2011 Dec 19. doi: 0.1002/jbio.201100098. [Epubahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22180147.
  
  Flohr C, Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, Williams HC, Aït-Khaled N, Strachan DP; the ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Tuberculosis, bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, and allergic disease: Findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Two. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 Dec
  23. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01248.x. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22192272.
  
  Bratton DJ, Nunn AJ, Wojnarowska F, Kirtschig G, Sandell A, Williams HC. The value of the pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary wheel in an ongoing study: the bullous pemphigoid steroids and tetracyclines study Trials 2012, 13:50
  
  Craig FF, Thomas KS, Mitchell EJ, Williams HC, Norrie J, Mason JM, Ormerod AD. UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network's STOP GAP Trial (a multicentre trial of prednisolone versus ciclosporin for pyoderma gangrenosum): protocol for a randomised controlled trial Trials 2012, 13:51
  
  Nankervis H, Baibergenova A, Williams HC, Thomas KS. Prospective Registration and Outcome-Reporting Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials of Eczema Treatments: A Systematic Review. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132: 2727-34.
  
  Bratton DJ, Brennan K, Williams HC, Phillips P, Nunn A. When inferiority meets non-inferiority: implications for interim analyses. Clinical Trials 2012 Jul 13. [Epub ahead of print]
  
  Altman DG, Loke Y, Stephens P, Radway-Bright E-L, Dollow S. (members of the RCP Medicines Forum – Clinical Trial Transparency Subgroup) which resulted in the publication of Clinical Trial Transparency – Principles and Facts. Ethical Standards in Health and Life Sciences Group (ESHLSG). Published 23rd May 2012. http://www.fpm.org.uk/policypublications/eshlsgtransparency
  
  Ellwood P, Asher MI, Stewart AW, Aït-Khaled N, Mallol J, Strachan D; ISAAC Phase III Time Trends Study Group. The challenges of replicating the methodology between Phases I and III of the ISAAC programme. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:687-93.
  
  Schmitt J, Spuls P, Boers M, Thomas K, Chalmers J, …. Williams H. Towards global consensus on outcome measures for atopic eczema research: results of the HOME II meeting. Allergy. 2012 Jul 30. doi:
  10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02874.x. [Epub ahead of print]
  
  Tinelli M, Ozolins M, Bath-Hextall F, Williams HC. What determines patient preferences for treating low risk basal cell carcinoma when comparing surgery vs imiquimod? A discrete choice experiment survey from the SINS trial. BMC Dermatology.2012, 12:19.
  
  Nankervis H, Baibergenova A, Williams HC, Thomas KS. Prospective Registration and Outcome-Reporting Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials of Eczema Treatments: A Systematic Review. J Invest Dermatol. 2012 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
  
  Ellwood P, Asher I, García-Marcos L, Williams H, Keil U, Robertson C, Nagel G and the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group Do Fast Foods Cause Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis and Eczema? Global Findings From ISAAC Phase Three. Thorax 2013 (In Press)
  
  Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al, Williams HC, Williams W, Wilson N, Woolf AD, Yip P, Zielinski JM, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380:2224-60.
  
  Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380:2197-223.
  
  Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380:2163-96.
  
  Futamura M, Thomas KS, Grindlay DJC, Doney EJ, Torley D, Williams HC. Mapping systematic reviews on atopic eczema– an essential resource for dermatology professionals and researchers. PLOS ONE 2013 (In Press)
  
  
  
  
• Editorials
  
  Williams HC. Clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide combined was more effective than either agent alone or placebo for acne vulgaris Evidence-Based medicine 2009 ;14:85.
  
  Williams HC. Nurse practitioners for childhood eczema. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162: 4-5.
  
  Williams HC. Subjective dermatology outcomes: How you frame the question may not be that important after all. Acta Dermato Venereologica (Stockholm ) 2010; 90: 3-4.
  
  Williams HC. Evidence-based veterinary dermatology - better to light a candle than curse the darkness. Vet Dermatol. 2010 Feb;21(1):1-3.
  
  Williams HC. Cars, CONSORT 2010 and Clinical Practice. Trials 2010 Mar 24;11(1):33. [Highly Accessed]
  
  Williams HC. The future of atopic eczema research. Allergologie 2010;(33)6:239-241
  
  Williams HC, Bergstresser P. The case for structured abstracts. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130:2691-2.
  
  Williams HC. Eczema across the world: The missing piece of the jigsaw revealed J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131: 12-4.
  
  Langan SM, Schmitt J, Coenraads PJ, Svensson A, von Elm E, Williams HC; European Dermato-Epidemiology Network (EDEN). STROBE and reporting observational studies in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1-3.
  
  Williams HC. Preventing eczema flares with topical corticosteroids or tacrolimus: which is best? Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:231-3.
  
  Williams HC. Evidence-based dermatology – everyone’s business. Am J Clinical Dermatology 2011;12:357-9.
  
  Williams HC. Evidence-based treatment of skin disease in children – time for a shake-up. Evidence-based Child Health 2011;6:1317-1320.
  
  Gonzalez U, Williams HC. Cochrane Derivate products: implications for research. Cochrane News January 2012
  
  Williams HC. Nurses or dermatologists for eczema care. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NHS Evidence, Eyes on Evidence Issue 32, December 2011
  
  Williams HC. Commentary: are methotrexate and azathioprine really equivalent for treating severe atopic eczema? Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:705-7.
  
  González U, Williams H. Implications for Research: Getting the Most out of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;1:ED000037. PubMed PMID: 22258938.
  
  Williams HC. Democratising the clinical trials agenda in dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 2013 (In Press)
  
  Panda S, Williams HC. Consorting with CONSORT 2010. Indian J Dermatol 2013; 58: 2-5.
  
  
  
• Review articles
  
  Affleck AG, Williams H. Is leflunomide effective in the treatment of psoriasis in a patient who is unable
  to benefit from standard first- and second-line therapies and needs an affordable treatment option? Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:1642-3.
  
  Williams HC, Grindlay DJ. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of the clinical significance of
  systematic reviews on atopic eczema published in 2006 and 2007. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33:685-8.
  
  Ingram JR, Batchelor JM, Williams HC Alitretinoin – an advance in the management of severe chronic hand eczema? Arch Dermatol 2009;145:314-5.
  
  Batchelor JM, Ingram JR, Williams HC. Adalimumab vs. methotrexate for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:704-706.
  
  Ingram J, Grindlay D, Williams H. Management of acne vulgaris: an evidence-based update. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:351-4.
  
  Williams HC. Why is the center of evidence-based dermatology relevant to Indian dermatology? Indian J Dermatol 2009:54(2):118-23
  
  Williams HC, Grindlay D. What's new in atopic eczema?"—An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2007 and 2008. Part 1: Definitions, causes and consequences of eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010 Jan;35(1):12-5.
  
  Williams HC, Grindlay D. What's new in atopic eczema?"—An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2007 and 2008. Part 2: Disease prevention and treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:223-227.
  
  Craig F, Smith E, Williams H. Bleach baths to reduce severity of atopic dermatitis colonized by Staphylococcus. Archives of dermatology 2010; 46, 541-3.
  
  Ingram JR, Grindlay JC, Williams HC. Problems in the reporting of acne clinical trials: a spot check from the 2009 annual evidence update on acne vulgaris Trials 2010;11:77.
  
  Smith EV, Grindlay DJC, Williams HC. What’s new in acne? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2009–2010. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36: 119-22.
  
  Schmitt J, Williams H; HOME Development Group. Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema (HOME). Report from the First International Consensus Meeting (HOME 1), 24 July 2010, Munich, Germany. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1166-8.
  
  Batchelor JM, Grindlay DJ, Williams HC. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2008 and 2009. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:823-8.
  
  Shams K, Grindlay DJC, Williams HC. What is new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2009-2010 Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36: 573-8.
  
  Macbeth A, Grindlay D, Williams HC. What’s new in skin cancer? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2008-2009. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36: 453-8.
  
  Williams HC, Dellavalle RP, Garner S. Acne vulgaris. The Lancet 2012; 379: 361-372.
  
  Simpson R, Grindlay DJC, Williams HC. What's new in acne? An analysis of systematic reviews and clinically significant trials published in 2010-11. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36:840-3.
  
  Williams HC. The skin is trying to tell us something. Nature 479, S16 (24 November 2011) doi:10.1038/479S16a
  
  Williams HC, Dellavalle RP. The Growth of Clinical Trials and Systematic Reviews in Informing Dermatological Patient Care. J Invest Dermatol 2012, 132: 1008-17.
  
  Wootton CI, Patel AN, Williams HC. In a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis, does intravenous immunoglobulin improve survival compared with supportive care? Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:1437-40.
  
  Williams HC. Epidemiology of human atopic dermatitis – seven areas of notable progress and seven areas of notable ignorance Veterinary Dermatology 2012 (In Press)
  
  Matin RN, Acland KM, Williams HC. Is Mohs micrographic surgery more effective than wide local excision for treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in reducing risk of local recurrence? A Critically Appraised Topic. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:6-9.
  
  Williams HC, Chalmers JR, Simpson EL. Prevention of atopic dermatitis. DOI: 10.3410/M4-24 F1000 Med Rep 2012, 4:24 http://www.f1000.com/prime/reports/m/4/24/
  
  Bhate K, Williams HC. Epidemiology of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2012 Dec 4. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12149. [Epub ahead of print]
  
  Torley D, Williams HC, Thomas K. What’s new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published 2010-2011. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013 (In Press)
  
  
• Books
  
  Williams HC, Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B (eds). Evidence-Based Dermatology. London, BMJ Publishing Group 2003. and 2nd edition published April 2008